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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

IncobotulinumtoxinA in esthetics.

Martina Kerscher1, Yana Yutskovskaya, Timothy Corcoran Flynn

  • 1Division of Cosmetic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. martina.kerscher@uni-hamburg.de

Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD
|July 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

IncobotulinumtoxinA, a unique botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins, demonstrates proven efficacy and safety for treating glabellar frown lines in esthetic medicine.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • IncobotulinumtoxinA is a botulinum toxin type A preparation.
  • It is distinguished by its absence of complexing proteins (150 kDa).
  • Its therapeutic applications preceded its use in esthetic medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the characteristics of incobotulinumtoxinA.
  • To review clinical data supporting its use in esthetic medicine.
  • Focus on glabellar frown line treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of incobotulinumtoxinA's unique protein composition.
  • Assessment of safety and efficacy in esthetic applications.

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Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
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Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Main Results:

  • IncobotulinumtoxinA is approved for glabellar frown line treatment.
  • Clinical trials show positive efficacy and safety findings.
  • The absence of complexing proteins is a key characteristic.

Conclusions:

  • IncobotulinumtoxinA is a safe and effective option for esthetic treatments.
  • Its unique composition may contribute to its clinical profile.
  • Further review supports its role in cosmetic dermatology.