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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview

Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview

Electrogravimetric analysis measures the weight of an analyte deposited electrolytically onto a suitable working electrode. This method involves applying a potential to a pre-weighed electrode submerged in a solution, which results in the desired substance being deposited through reduction at the cathode or oxidation at the anode. The electrode's weight is recorded after deposition, and the difference in weight gives the analyte's weight in the solution.
To test the completeness of the...

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...

Standard Electrode Potentials

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles

Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles

Published on: August 4, 2023

An analytical quality solid-state composite reference electrode.

Zekra Mousavi¹, Kim Granholm, Tomasz Sokalski

¹Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland.

|July 13, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel all-solid-state reference electrode was developed, showing excellent stability and resistance to matrix effects. This analytical quality electrode offers a reliable alternative to commercial options for demanding applications.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Traditional reference electrodes often suffer from leakage and matrix effects.
There is a need for stable, low-maintenance reference electrodes in analytical chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and characterize a new all-solid-state reference electrode.
To evaluate its performance against commercial electrodes under various conditions.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of polymer/inorganic salt composite electrodes with a silver/silver chloride element.
Rigorous testing involving variations in pH, solution composition, and ion concentration/mobility.

Main Results:

Demonstrated insensitivity to matrix effects.
Exhibited excellent potential reading stability.
Showcased significantly reduced inorganic salt leakage.
Performance comparable to or exceeding high-quality commercial electrodes.

Conclusions:

The developed composite reference electrodes are of analytical quality.
They are suitable for continuous, prolonged, and intensive use.
These electrodes offer a robust and reliable alternative for electrochemical measurements.