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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis
12:01

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted With a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis

Published on: August 2, 2013

Photodiode circuits for retinal prostheses.

J D Loudin, S F Cogan, K Mathieson

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |July 16, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Photodiode circuits for retinal prostheses were studied. Photoconductive circuits offer higher charge injection than photovoltaic ones, with both showing promise for high-resolution vision restoration.

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    Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model

    Published on: August 5, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Optoelectronics
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Retinal prostheses aim to restore vision using optoelectronic devices.
    • Understanding the photodiode-electrode interaction is crucial for high-resolution prostheses.
    • Existing descriptions of optoelectronic interactions in retinal prostheses are limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To thoroughly investigate the optoelectronic interaction between light, photodiodes, and electrode loads in retinal prosthesis circuits.
    • To compare the performance of actively biased photoconductive and passive photovoltaic circuits.
    • To establish electrochemical and optical safety limits for retinal prosthesis design.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements were employed.
    • Investigated actively biased photoconductive and passive photovoltaic circuits.
    • Examined circuit behavior and charge injection levels using platinum and sputtered iridium-oxide film (SIROF) electrodes.

    Main Results:

    • Circuit behavior and charge injection differed significantly between platinum and SIROF electrodes.
    • Photovoltaic circuits delivered 0.038 mC/cm(2) (Pt) and 0.54 mC/cm(2) (SIROF) charge per photodiode.
    • Photoconductive circuits delivered higher charge injections: 0.38 mC/cm(2) (Pt) and 7.6 mC/cm(2) (SIROF).
    • Demonstrated in-vitro photovoltaic stimulation of rabbit retina.

    Conclusions:

    • Both photoconductive and photovoltaic photodiode circuits show potential for high-resolution retinal prostheses.
    • Photoconductive circuits enable smaller pixels but require external bias.
    • Photovoltaic circuits do not require external bias, offering design flexibility.