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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits
07:43

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

Published on: December 27, 2013

Spatial encoding and underlying circuitry in scene-selective cortex.

Shahin Nasr1, Kathryn J Devaney, Roger B H Tootell

  • 1Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.

Neuroimage
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals two distinct spatial encoding pathways in the brain involving the Retro-Splenial Cortex (RSC) and Transverse Occipital Sulcus (TOS). Only the RSC pathway is active during spatial comparison tasks.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The Retro-Splenial Cortex (RSC), Transverse Occipital Sulcus (TOS), and Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) are known scene-selective cortical areas.
  • Their specific roles in spatial encoding and inter-area functional connectivity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the involvement of RSC, TOS, and PPA in spatial encoding.
  • To explore the functional connectivity between these areas during resting state and task performance.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Participants performed spatial comparison tasks with dot targets and a control shape comparison task.
  • Resting-state functional connectivity analysis was conducted.

Main Results:

  • RSC and TOS, but not PPA, showed increased activity during spatial comparison tasks.
  • Task-driven activity in RSC correlated with behavioral task demand.
  • RSC connected with frontal areas, TOS with parietal and lateral occipital areas.
  • RSC and TOS exhibited distinct connectivity patterns with PPA.

Conclusions:

  • Two parallel pathways for spatial encoding exist, involving RSC and TOS.
  • The RSC network is specifically engaged in active spatial comparisons.
  • These findings differentiate the functional roles of scene-selective areas in spatial processing.