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Related Concept Videos

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
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Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Transcription Initiation

Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...

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Start and the restriction point.

Amy Johnson1, Jan M Skotheim

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell division commitment involves sensing signals, with G1 phase control crucial in eukaryotes. Despite conserved networks, protein evolution shows divergence in cell cycle regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cell division commitment requires sensing and responding to diverse signals.
  • In eukaryotes, commitment to division occurs in G1 phase before DNA replication.
  • The Start (yeast) and restriction point (mammals) mark irreversible cell cycle progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review conserved and diverged features of G1 control networks.
  • To understand how cells integrate signals for the all-or-none division decision.
  • To highlight systems-level aspects of G1 control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on G1 control in yeast and mammalian systems.
  • Comparative analysis of G1 regulatory networks.
  • Examination of protein sequence conservation and divergence.

Main Results:

  • G1 control networks show high similarity between yeast and mammals.
  • Despite network similarity, functional orthologs exhibit significant protein sequence divergence.
  • Conserved and diverged features of G1 control have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • G1 control is a fundamental regulatory process with conserved network logic but evolved protein components.
  • Understanding G1 regulation is critical for preventing developmental problems and disease.
  • Systems-level insights into G1 control may apply to other biological networks.