Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are called the...

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The False Dilemma in the Communication of Bad News.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same author

Enhancing Patient Participation in Co-Productive Decision-Making With Personal Value Sets: Clinical Trial Prototype.

Journal of participatory medicine·2026

Same author

Addressing the 'optimal cutoff' Bias in Primary Care Testing.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same author

'Decolonising' the Clinical Encounter via Multi-Criteria Decision Support.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2025

Same author

Focusing on Diagnostic Accuracy Jeopardises Therapeutic Optimality.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2025

Same author

Digitalising Clinical Guidelines: The Challenge of Patient's Preferences.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2024

Same journal

A GenAI Pipeline for Violinist Kinematic Data Management.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same journal

AMAL-For-Qatar: A Comprehensive AI Ecosystem for Fetal Ultrasound Analysis - Project Overview and Achievements.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same journal

Longitudinal Treatment-Aware Multimodal AI for Dermatology: A Scoping Review.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same journal

Predicting Postpartum Depression Using Imbalance-Aware Machine Learning.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same journal

Validation of Deep-Learning Models for Autosegmentation of Brain Metastases.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

Same journal

Delay-Dependent Gating in Modular RNNs.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Published on: May 6, 2014

Mapping the translation challenge.

¹London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Studies in Health Technology and Informatics

|August 8, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps judgment and decision-making challenges, focusing on how differing values, preferences, and cognitive styles impact translation. It identifies key areas where understanding these variations is crucial for accurate decision analysis.

More Related Videos

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing

Published on: May 6, 2014

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Decision Analysis
Behavioral Economics

Background:

Judgment and decision-making research often overlooks the complexities introduced by diverse human values and cognitive processes.
Effective decision-making requires understanding how individual and group preferences are translated across different contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

To create a conceptual map of judgment and decision-making problems.
To specifically address translation issues arising from variations in values, preferences, and cognitive modes.

Main Methods:

A qualitative review and synthesis of existing literature on judgment, decision-making, and cognitive psychology.
Development of a framework to categorize translation challenges based on value and cognition differences.

Main Results:

Identified distinct categories of translation problems related to subjective values and objective preferences.
Highlighted the impact of diverse cognitive styles (e.g., analytical vs. intuitive) on decision interpretation and translation.

Conclusions:

Recognizing and addressing the heterogeneity of values, preferences, and cognition is essential for accurate judgment and decision-making.
The proposed map provides a framework for future research into cross-cultural and interdisciplinary decision analysis.