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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
05:06

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Diabetic neuropathy.

Gérard Said1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic neuropathy, a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, affects nerve fibers and can lead to sensory loss and autonomic dysfunction. Patient education on managing diabetes can prevent serious foot complications.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Peripheral neuropathy is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus worldwide.
  • Both type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 diabetes are associated with peripheral nerve disorders.
  • Diabetic neuropathy presents as a length-dependent sensory polyneuropathy or focal neuropathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the common types and manifestations of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
  • To highlight the role of glycemic control in neuropathy development and prevention.
  • To emphasize the importance of patient education in managing diabetic foot complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
  • Analysis of neuropathy patterns in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Keywords:
Charcot’s jointsdiabetic neuropathydysautonomiapathologyproximal diabetic neuropathy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
05:06

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

  • Discussion of clinical manifestations and risk factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Distal symmetrical sensory polyneuropathy is the most common type, affecting temperature and pain sensation, and can involve autonomic dysfunction.
    • Focal neuropathy is more common in type 2 diabetes.
    • Poor glycemic control increases the risk of neuropathic pain and trophic foot changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Diabetic neuropathy is a significant cause of morbidity, particularly affecting the feet.
    • Effective diabetes management and patient education are crucial for preventing severe complications.
    • Early recognition of sensory alterations in the feet is key to timely intervention.