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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Published on: March 21, 2019

Eyes on hand-eyes on target?

H T Whiting¹, I M Cockerill

¹a Department of Physical Education , University of Leeds-Leeds , England.

Journal of Motor Behavior

|August 17, 2013

Summary

Children and adults performing a ballistic aiming task were more accurate when they could see the target compared to seeing their hand. Accuracy decreased with increased distance for all age groups.

Area of Science:

Motor Control
Human Factors
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Understanding how visual feedback influences motor performance is crucial for various fields, including rehabilitation and skill acquisition.
Age-related differences in motor control and visual-motor integration are not fully understood, particularly in simple ballistic tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of visual feedback (vision of hand vs. vision of target) on the accuracy of a one-handed ballistic aiming task across different age groups.
To examine how movement distance impacts accuracy in relation to age and visual feedback conditions.

Main Methods:

Sixty male participants were divided into three age groups: 6-7 years, 10-11 years, and 19+ years.
Participants performed a modified one-handed ballistic aiming task under two visual feedback conditions: seeing their hand or seeing the target.

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A split-plot factorial design was employed to analyze the effects of age, distance, and vision condition on performance accuracy (mean absolute error).

Main Results:

Mean absolute error scores increased significantly with greater movement distances across all age groups.
Participants who could see the target demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than those who could see their hand.
Significant interactions were found between age and distance, and between distance and vision condition, indicating complex relationships in motor performance.

Conclusions:

Visual feedback focusing on the target is superior to focusing on the hand for accurate ballistic aiming, regardless of age.
Movement distance is a critical factor affecting accuracy, with performance degrading as distance increases.
The findings highlight age-dependent nuances in visual-motor integration during ballistic movements, suggesting developmental trajectories in motor control strategies.