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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
07:06

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Published on: May 23, 2021

Ear infections: otitis externa and otitis media.

Hobart Lee1, Jeffrey Kim, Van Nguyen

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, 25455 Barton Road, Suite 209B, CA 92354, USA. holee@llu.edu

Primary Care
|August 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review covers diagnosing and treating acute otitis externa and acute otitis media, offering primary care physicians guidance on these common ear infections. It details pathophysiology, microbiology, clinical signs, and management strategies.

Keywords:
DiagnosisOtitis externaOtitis mediaTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Acute otitis externa (AOE) and acute otitis media (AOM) are prevalent conditions encountered in clinical practice.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for managing these common ear infections.
  • Primary care physicians play a vital role in the initial management of AOE and AOM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis externa.
  • To offer a detailed overview of the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media.
  • To serve as a clinical resource for primary care physicians managing these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pathophysiology, microbiology, and clinical features of AOE and AOM.
  • Synthesis of current diagnostic criteria and recommended treatment guidelines.
  • Discussion of prognosis and potential complications associated with both conditions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the distinct clinical presentations of AOE and AOM.
  • Outline of evidence-based treatment options, including antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.
  • Identification of key factors influencing prognosis and management of complications.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of AOE and AOM relies on accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions.
  • Primary care physicians equipped with this knowledge can optimize patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the nuances of these common ear infections is essential for effective clinical practice.