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Related Concept Videos

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...
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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm
12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Not all errors are created equally: specific ERN responses for errors originating from distractor-based response

Daniel Wiswede1, Klaus Rothermund, Christian Frings

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|August 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Errors from irrelevant stimuli trigger a unique brain response, the error-related negativity (ERN). This heightened ERN signals an adaptive control mechanism preventing faulty response routines.

Keywords:
S-R bindingdistractor-based retrievalerror-related negativity (ERN)event files

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Published on: August 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Regulation
  • Neuroscience of Error Processing

Background:

  • Behavioral regulation involves binding stimulus (S) and response (R) features into 'event files'.
  • Irrelevant information can be incorporated into event files, impacting behavior based on stimulus predictability.
  • Errors arising from distractor-response associations can lead to inadequate behavioral outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive control mechanisms triggered by errors from distractor-based response retrieval.
  • To determine if the error-related negativity (ERN) differs based on the source of the error.
  • To compare ERN in errors from distractor-response retrieval versus random errors.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings to measure brain activity, specifically the ERN.
  • Experimental manipulation of stimulus-response associations, including distractors.
  • Comparison of ERN amplitudes for errors originating from distractor-based retrieval versus other error types.

Main Results:

  • Errors stemming from distractor-based response retrieval elicited a significantly stronger (more negative) ERN compared to other error types.
  • This suggests a distinct neural response to errors caused by irrelevant stimulus associations.
  • The findings indicate a unique processing pathway for errors linked to distractor-response binding.

Conclusions:

  • The cognitive system exhibits a specific response to errors arising from distractor-based retrieval.
  • This heightened ERN serves as an adaptive control mechanism.
  • This mechanism effectively prevents the establishment of maladaptive response routines.