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From prediction to control: Age-related dissociations between implicit regularity encoding and attentional modulation

Roula Jamous1, Katharina Graf1, Leonore Luise Ilgenstein1

  • 1Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden 03107, Germany.

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Summary

Adolescents can implicitly learn environmental regularities but struggle to use this knowledge flexibly. This suggests developing top-down control mechanisms are crucial for translating learned information into goal-directed behavior.

Keywords:
AdolescenceAdultsAlphaEEGPerception action integrationPredictive codingTheta

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Adolescence is critical for cognitive control development.
  • Understanding how learned regularities become flexible behavior is unclear.
  • The brain's ability to integrate predictability into action control is still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if adolescents exploit task-irrelevant predictability for perception-action integration.
  • To compare behavioral and neural responses of adolescents and adults in a distractor-response binding task.
  • To explore the developmental trajectory of using learned regularities for flexible behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Distractor-response binding paradigm with varying predictability.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recording for neural activity.
  • Behavioral analysis and time-frequency analyses, including multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA).

Main Results:

  • Adults, unlike adolescents, showed behavioral benefits from high predictability.
  • Adults exhibited specific theta and alpha-band modulations linked to binding and attention.
  • (Pre-)adolescents showed intact representation of predictability but failed to use it behaviorally.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescents implicitly encode environmental regularities but lack mature top-down control to utilize them flexibly.
  • A developmental shift from representation to regulation is observed.
  • Maturation of alpha-theta coordination is linked to flexible action control emergence in adolescence.