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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone, thyromimetics, and metabolic efficiency.

Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman1, Bella Kalderon, Jacob Bar-Tana

  • 1Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120.

Endocrine Reviews
|August 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates metabolic efficiency by influencing mitochondrial function. Targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) offers a unified approach for modulating metabolic energetics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) is a key regulator of metabolic efficiency, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis.
  • TH influences metabolic efficiency via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and extramitochondrial substrate cycling.
  • Mechanisms of TH control over mitochondrial coupling remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical and current findings on TH regulation of metabolic energetics.
  • To integrate TH's genomic and mitochondrial activities.
  • To highlight the role of TH in modulating mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) gating.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of TH's effects on metabolic energetics.
  • Integration of genomic and mitochondrial mechanisms of TH action.
  • Focus on TH-induced PTP gating.

Main Results:

  • TH controls metabolic efficiency by regulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and substrate cycling.
  • TH-induced gating of the mitochondrial PTP is crucial for metabolic efficiency.
  • PTP gating presents a unified target for TH's diverse activities.

Conclusions:

  • TH-induced PTP gating is a central mechanism for regulating metabolic efficiency.
  • The mitochondrial PTP is a potential therapeutic target for synthetic thyromimetics.
  • Long-chain fatty acid analogs offer a model for PTP-targeted metabolic modulation.