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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E.

Harry R Dalton1, Jeremy G Hunter, Richard P Bendall

  • 1Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro, Cornwall, UK. harry.dalton@rcht.cornwall.nhs.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|August 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E (HEV) is now recognized in developed countries, primarily transmitted from pigs. Diagnosis should be considered in patients with elevated liver enzymes, and blood product safety requires urgent assessment.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
09:12

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
10:25

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E was traditionally considered a disease of developing nations, causing widespread outbreaks.
  • Recent research indicates a shift in understanding, revealing its presence in developed countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Hepatitis E epidemiology in developed countries.
  • To highlight the etiological agents, transmission routes, clinical presentations, and management of Hepatitis E.
  • To assess the implications of Hepatitis E for blood transfusion safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Hepatitis E.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical case reports, and virological findings.
  • Evaluation of transfusion-transmitted Hepatitis E and donor screening.

Main Results:

  • Autochthonous Hepatitis E, caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4, is prevalent in developed countries, with pigs as the main zoonotic host.
  • Most HEV infections are asymptomatic, but symptomatic cases predominantly affect middle-aged and elderly men, with higher mortality in those with chronic liver disease.
  • Chronic HEV infection occurs in immunosuppressed individuals, leading to progressive cirrhosis, treatable with ribavirin. Extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological syndromes, are observed. HEV has been detected in donated blood, posing a transfusion risk.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E diagnosis should be considered in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels, regardless of age or travel history.
  • The safety of blood products is a concern, necessitating urgent assessment and potential screening of blood donors for HEV.