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Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Renal Drug Excretion: Overview01:15

Renal Drug Excretion: Overview

As primary excretory organs, the kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste substances from the bloodstream. They comprise over a million units called nephrons, which serve as the kidney's functional units.
A nephron consists of two primary structures: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a network of capillaries where the first step of renal excretion, glomerular filtration, occurs. Blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules out...
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Urinary steroid profiling.

Norman F Taylor1

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urinary steroid profiling analyzes steroid biosynthesis and catabolism disorders. This established method involves extraction, hydrolysis, derivatization, and GC-MS analysis, with ongoing simplifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Urinary steroid profiling is a key technique for studying human steroid biosynthesis and catabolism.
  • Understanding steroid disorders requires accurate and reliable analytical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the established method of urinary steroid profiling.
  • To present recent developments for simplifying and accelerating the process.
  • To discuss alternative options for steroid analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of free and conjugated steroids from urine.
  • Hydrolysis of steroid conjugates.
  • Re-extraction of free steroids.
  • Derivatization of steroids.
  • Analysis using Gas Chromatography (GC) or GC-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

Main Results:

  • The core urinary steroid profiling method is detailed.
  • Several advancements have improved the understanding and efficiency of the process.
  • Alternative analytical approaches are also considered.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary steroid profiling remains a valuable tool for diagnosing and researching steroid-related disorders.
  • Ongoing methodological improvements enhance its utility and accessibility.