What leads to failure of joint-preserving surgery for ankle osteoarthritis?: when this surgery fails, what next?

This article discusses the lack of scientific evidence regarding the treatment of failed joint-preserving surgery. Most of the concepts of treatment derive from treatment modalities in trauma and orthopedic surgery. The main question for the foot and ankle specialist is whether the joint can be salvaged. The definition of failure is difficult. Therefore pain reported by the patient is the main symptom that dictates the course of treatment. Whenever possible the joint should be maintained. However, if pain is associated with global radiographic osteoarthritis, total ankle replacement or fusions are the only means to solve the problem.