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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

Motor IOR revealed for reaching.

C D Cowper-Smith1, D A Westwood

  • 1Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|September 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motor inhibition of return (IOR) affects reaching movements, not just eye movements. This finding suggests IOR may prevent repetitive behaviors, broadening its role beyond visual search facilitation.

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The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task
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The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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10:39

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Visual Attention

Background:

  • Inhibition of return (IOR) is a spatial phenomenon influencing attention and eye movements.
  • Distinct sensory and motor types of IOR are proposed, but motor IOR's effect on non-eye movements is debated.
  • Previous studies on motor IOR in reaching movements were confounded by peripheral signals or failed to detect IOR with central signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether motor IOR influences reaching movements.
  • To provide clear evidence for motor IOR in reaching control.
  • To explore the broader functional role of motor IOR.

Main Methods:

  • Participants responded to consecutive central stimuli.
  • The study focused on motor effects in arm movements using central signals.
  • IOR effects on reaching movements were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The study provides the first clear evidence of motor IOR in reaching movements.
  • Motor IOR was observed when participants responded to consecutive central stimuli.
  • This contrasts with previous findings that suggested motor IOR is limited to the oculomotor system.

Conclusions:

  • Motor IOR can be observed in reaching movements, not solely in eye movements.
  • Motor IOR may serve a general function in reducing repetitive behaviors.
  • This broadens the understanding of IOR's role beyond visual search facilitation.