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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Transgenic Plants02:50

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
11:52

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

Retrotransposon replication in plants.

Alan H Schulman1

  • 1Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen FIN-31600, Finland.

Current Opinion in Virology
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrotransposons are key components of plant genomes, replicating through RNA. While Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) integrate DNA, Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons share traits with retroviruses, hinting at ancient origins.

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Molecular evolution
  • Mobile genetic elements

Background:

  • Retrotransposons constitute the majority of large plant genomes.
  • Replication occurs via an RNA intermediate, preserving the original DNA.
  • Two main orders exist: LTR retrotransposons and LINEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the replication mechanisms of plant retrotransposons.
  • To investigate the evolutionary relationship between retrotransposons and retroviruses.
  • To understand the adaptations enabling LTR retrotransposon success in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics
  • Phylogenetic analysis
  • Molecular biology techniques

Main Results:

  • LTR retrotransposons significantly outnumber LINEs in plants.
  • LINEs utilize target-primed reverse transcription for integration.
  • LTR retrotransposon replication mirrors retroviral intracellular cycles.
  • Envelope genes, conferring mobility, are common in plant retrotransposons.
  • Evolutionary analyses support an ancient monophyletic origin for retrotransposons and retroviruses.

Conclusions:

  • Retrotransposons and retroviruses share deep evolutionary roots.
  • The specific adaptations of LTR retrotransposons to plant life cycles require further elucidation.