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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Quantifying Heat02:46

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the atoms and...
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...
Speciation Rates01:07

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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

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Published on: March 31, 2023

How warm was the last interglacial? New model-data comparisons.

Bette L Otto-Bliesner1, Nan Rosenbloom, Emma J Stone

  • 1Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate models show less polar warming during the Last Interglacial (LIG) than proxy data suggest. Future projections indicate current high-latitude warmth may exceed LIG levels this century.

Keywords:
climate changeclimate modellinglast interglacialpolar warmth

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate modeling
  • Earth system science

Background:

  • The Last Interglacial (LIG), 125,000 years ago, provides a valuable analogue for understanding past climate dynamics.
  • Orbital forcing was the dominant climate driver during the LIG, unlike the current greenhouse gas-dominated era.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the Community Climate System Model, Version 3 (CCSM3) simulation of LIG surface temperatures with proxy reconstructions.
  • To evaluate the model's ability to simulate polar amplification and seasonal temperature anomalies during the LIG.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CCSM3 to simulate LIG conditions (125 ka) with specified orbital forcing and pre-industrial Holocene greenhouse gas levels.
  • Compared CCSM3 outputs with two recent proxy reconstructions of LIG surface temperatures.
  • Conducted additional simulations with HadCM3 to assess the role of sea ice in polar climate responses.

Main Results:

  • CCSM3 simulated enhanced Northern Hemisphere seasonal cycles and boreal summer warming, consistent with orbital forcing.
  • Model simulations showed year-round North Atlantic warming linked to sea ice memory, but underestimated Arctic terrestrial warming.
  • CCSM3 failed to reproduce significant LIG warming over Antarctica, even with adjusted simulations.
  • Models generally showed minimal global annual surface temperature change, contrasting with proxy data indicating ~1°C warming.

Conclusions:

  • Discrepancies between CCSM3 simulations and proxy data highlight potential missing feedbacks in climate models or issues with proxy interpretation.
  • Sea ice dynamics are crucial for accurately simulating polar climate responses.
  • Future climate projections (CCSM3 SRES B1) suggest high-latitude warmth may surpass LIG levels before the end of the century.