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Related Concept Videos

Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Cochran's Q Test01:17

Cochran's Q Test

Cochran's Q Test is a nonparametric statistical test used to determine if there are potential differences in the outcomes of three or more related groups on a binary (yes/no) or dichotomous outcome. It is essentially an extension of the McNemar Test, which is limited to two related samples - Cochran's Q test can handle three or more related samples, making it more versatile in scenarios where subjects are measured under multiple conditions. The test statistic follows a Chi-Square distribution,...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Retrieval practice with short-answer, multiple-choice, and hybrid tests.

Megan A Smith1, Jeffrey D Karpicke

  • 1a Department of Psychological Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|September 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrieval practice using any question format enhances learning. However, short-answer and hybrid questions only show an advantage over multiple-choice questions when retrieval success is high.

Keywords:
LearningMultiple-choiceQuestion formatRetrieval practiceShort-answerTesting effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Retrieval practice is a key method for improving learning.
  • Question formats are a common way to implement retrieval practice in educational settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different question formats (short-answer, multiple-choice, hybrid) on learning.
  • To determine if retrieval success influences the effectiveness of different question formats.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted with 372 participants.
  • Participants read educational texts and engaged in retrieval practice using short-answer, multiple-choice, or hybrid questions.
  • Learning was assessed one week later using verbatim and inference questions.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval practice in all tested formats improved learning compared to a control group.
  • Short-answer and hybrid formats showed little to no advantage over multiple-choice formats in most experiments.
  • An advantage for short-answer and hybrid formats emerged when initial retrieval success was high.

Conclusions:

  • Retrieval practice benefits learning regardless of question format.
  • The effectiveness of different question formats may depend on retrieval success.
  • The assumption that more difficult question formats (e.g., short-answer) always yield superior learning is challenged.