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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation.

Sanjay Meena¹, Pramod Saini, Vivek Singh

¹Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine

|October 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation is a rare injury. This case highlights a successful closed reduction and rehabilitation for a young male with this uncommon condition.

Keywords:

Anterior bilateral closed reduction shoulder dislocation

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Traumatology
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Shoulder dislocations are common emergency department visits.
Bilateral shoulder dislocations are rare, with posterior dislocations being more common than anterior ones.

Observation:

A 24-year-old male experienced bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations after minor trauma.
One side also had an associated greater tuberosity fracture.

Findings:

The case details a very rare instance of bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation.
Successful closed reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation led to a positive outcome.

Implications:

This case underscores the importance of considering rare diagnoses in emergency settings.
Prompt management of bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations can achieve good patient outcomes.