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Related Concept Videos

Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
219
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
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CNS Mold Infections.

Jennifer L Lyons1

  • 1Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, jlyons5@partners.org.

Current Infectious Disease Reports
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central nervous system (CNS) mold infections are challenging to diagnose and treat, leading to severe outcomes. This review covers recent advancements in identifying and managing these invasive fungal infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Mold infections of the central nervous system (CNS) manifest as abscesses, infarcts, hemorrhages, and meningitis.
  • These invasive fungal infections pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • High morbidity and mortality rates are associated with CNS mold infections due to diagnostic limitations and suboptimal antifungal treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on central nervous system (CNS) mold infections.
  • To discuss updates in the diagnosis and management of these infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on CNS mold infections.
  • Synthesis of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Invasive fungal infections of the CNS are difficult to identify and treat.
  • Current diagnostic tools have low sensitivity.
  • Antifungal therapies exhibit high toxicity and low efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes in CNS mold infections.
  • Further research is needed to develop more effective and less toxic treatment options.