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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
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Astrocyte plasticity: implications for synaptic and neuronal activity.

Tiina M Pirttimaki1, H Rheinallt Parri

  • 11A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytes, crucial brain cells, exhibit plasticity, changing their structure and function. This astrocyte plasticity, often triggered by neuronal activity, impacts brain networks and can be involved in diseases.

Keywords:
gliaglial plasticityglia–neuron interactionspotentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Glial Cell Research

Background:

  • Astrocytes, once considered mere support cells, are now recognized for active roles in brain function.
  • Their involvement in synaptic modulation and plasticity (long-term potentiation, long-term depression) is a key area of research.
  • Emerging evidence highlights that astrocytes themselves possess plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept of astrocyte plasticity.
  • To detail the mechanisms and manifestations of astrocyte plasticity.
  • To understand the implications of astrocyte plasticity for neuronal networks and pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on astrocyte function and plasticity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating changes in astrocyte protein expression, morphology, and gap junction coupling.
  • Examination of research on gliotransmitter release and its impact on neuronal activity.

Main Results:

  • Astrocyte plasticity can manifest as altered protein expression affecting intracellular calcium signaling.
  • Morphological changes in astrocytes influence synaptic and extracellular environments.
  • Modifications in astrocyte gap junction coupling alter intercellular communication and metabolite transfer.
  • Plasticity in gliotransmitter release directly impacts neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Astrocyte plasticity is a significant biological phenomenon with profound effects on neuronal network activity.
  • This plasticity is often induced by neuronal activity, underscoring the dynamic neuron-glia interaction.
  • Astrocyte plasticity may play a role in pathological conditions, representing a potential therapeutic target.