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Related Concept Videos

Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Back EMF01:24

Back EMF

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Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, whereas motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A motor works by sending a current through a loop of wire located in a magnetic field. As a result, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the loop. This rotates a shaft, extracting mechanical work from the electrical current sent in initially. When the coil of a motor is turned, magnetic flux changes through the coil, and an emf (consistent with Faraday's law) is...
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Motional Emf01:22

Motional Emf

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Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...
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Electromotive Force01:02

Electromotive Force

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Electromotive force (emf) is the force that causes current to flow from a higher to a lower  potential. The term "electromotive force" is used for historical reasons, even though emf is not a force at all.
Any circuit with a constant current must contain an emf-producing source. Examples of emf sources include batteries, electric generators, solar cells, thermocouples, and fuel cells. All these sources transform energy of some kind (mechanical, chemical, thermal, and so on)...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Updated: May 7, 2026

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans
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An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

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Is EM dead?

Graham Knott1, Christel Genoud

  • 1BioEM Facility, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Microscopie Electronique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of Cell Science
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron microscopy (EM) remains vital for exploring biological structures, even with advanced light microscopy. Innovations like cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and 3D imaging ensure EM

Keywords:
EMElectron microscopySEMScanning electron microscopyTEMTransmission electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Electron microscopy (EM) has historically been the cornerstone for investigating biological structures.
  • Recent advancements in light microscopy challenge EM's dominance by overcoming diffraction limits.

Observation:

  • Pioneering studies have significantly advanced our understanding of cellular architecture.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enables visualization of native biological structures at the molecular level.

Findings:

  • New developments enhance EM's capability to visualize biological systems across diverse length scales.
  • 3D imaging techniques further expand the utility of electron microscopy.

Implications:

  • Electron microscopy continues to be an indispensable tool in biological research.
  • EM's evolving capabilities ensure its continued relevance in the foreseeable future.
  • The integration of advanced techniques solidifies EM's position at the forefront of scientific discovery.