Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Imagine No Resources: Attention Is Selection and Normalization for Choice.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026

Same author

Separating decision and motor contributions to behavioral biases induced by manipulating stimulus probability.

Cognitive psychology·2026

Same author

Spotlight on the past: Focusing attention on long-term memory.

Memory & cognition·2026

Same author

Order is ordinal in serial memory.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025

Same author

It was 40 years ago today: Reflections "On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: A model and a method" by Logan et al. (1984).

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025

Same author

An Investigation of Attentional Networks, the Locus Coeruleus - Norepinephrine System, and Autism and ADHD Traits.

Journal of attention disorders·2025

Same journal

EXPRESS: Age-related Differences in Recognition Memory for Discourse: The Case of Modified Words, Competitors, and Related Lures.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

Same journal

EXPRESS: Exaggerated Self-Referencing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

Same journal

EXPRESS: Post-Error Adjustments: The role of Response Stimulus Intervals and error placement.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

Same journal

Mitigating the Low Prevalence Effect: Role of Removing Explicit "Target-Absent" Responses in Visual Search.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

Same journal

Visual Selection Is Spatially Constrained During Working Memory Consolidation.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

Same journal

Cross-Phoneme Generalisation of Dimension-Based Statistical Learning for Stop Voicing: Probing Subject Design and Word Frame Effects.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Modelling response selection in task switching: testing the contingent encoding assumption.

Darryl W Schneider¹, Gordon D Logan

¹a Department of Psychological Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|October 22, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The contingent encoding assumption in task-switching is invalid. Response selection can occur before cue encoding, challenging existing models of cognitive control.

Keywords:

Cognitive modelling Response congruency Response selection Stimulus order Task switching

More Related Videos

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Human Information Processing
Neuroscience of Decision Making

Background:

The contingent encoding assumption posits that response selection in task-switching paradigms only begins after both cue and target stimuli are fully encoded.
This assumption is foundational to many existing models of task-switching and cognitive control.

Purpose of the Study:

To empirically test the validity of the contingent encoding assumption in task-switching scenarios.
To investigate the timing of response selection relative to stimulus encoding under varying experimental conditions.

Main Methods:

Conducted two experiments manipulating response congruency, stimulus order (cue-target), and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA).
Analyzed response times and error patterns to infer the timing of response selection processes.
Modified an existing task-switching computational model by incorporating baseline evidence.

Main Results:

Evidence suggests response selection can initiate prior to complete cue encoding, particularly for congruent targets with a target-cue order at long SOAs.
The contingent encoding assumption was found to be invalid under specific experimental conditions.
Simulations demonstrated that the modified model accurately reproduced observed response time data and predicted pre-encoding responses.

Conclusions:

The findings necessitate a revision of task-switching models to account for response selection occurring before full cue encoding.
Introducing baseline evidence into computational models offers a viable mechanism to explain these early response selection effects.
Further research should explore the neural underpinnings and broader implications of this revised understanding of cognitive control.