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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

28.2K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.9K
Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

1.5K
Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

28.5K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
28.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

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Structural transition in atomic chains driven by transient doping.

S Polei1, P C Snijders, S C Erwin

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|October 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron injection triggers a reversible structural change in Si(553)-Au atomic chains, shifting from a 1x3 to a 1x2 state. This transition, influenced by temperature and current, reveals dynamics with millisecond lifetimes.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The Si(553)-Au surface exhibits unique atomic chain structures at step edges.
  • Understanding phase transitions in low-dimensional systems is crucial for materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reversible structural transition on Si(553)-Au induced by electron injection.
  • To elucidate the mechanism and dynamics of the observed phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to observe structural changes.
  • Electron injection from the STM tip was employed to trigger the transition.
  • First-principles density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for theoretical analysis.

Main Results:

  • A reversible transition from a 1x3 ground state to a 1x2 excited state was observed in atomic chains.
  • The transition is triggered by injected electrons, with a threshold current dependent on temperature.
  • DFT calculations indicate the 1x2 phase results from temporary doping of the atomic chains.
  • Random telegraph fluctuations in tunneling current provided insights into phase transition dynamics, revealing millisecond-scale lifetimes.

Conclusions:

  • Electron injection provides a novel method to induce and study reversible phase transitions in surface nanostructures.
  • The 1x2 phase is stabilized by temporary electronic doping, highlighting the interplay between electronic structure and atomic configuration.
  • The observed dynamics offer a direct probe into the kinetics of surface phase transitions.