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Related Concept Videos

Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
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"Extended Fitness" hypothesis: a link between individual and group selection.

S J de Souza1

  • 1Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil sandro@neuro.ufrn.br.

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The Extended Fitness hypothesis proposes that extended phenotypes, like nests, can link individual and group selection. Shared use of these traits facilitates group selection, offering a new evolutionary framework.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The targets of natural selection are a long-standing debate in evolutionary biology.
  • Understanding the interplay between individual and group selection is crucial for evolutionary theory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the "Extended Fitness" hypothesis as a unifying framework for individual and group selection.
  • To elucidate the role of extended phenotypes in mediating evolutionary processes at different levels.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical proposal of the Extended Fitness hypothesis.
  • Conceptual framework linking extended phenotypes to group selection.
  • Discussion of natural observations supporting the hypothesis.

Main Results:

  • Extended phenotypes can be utilized by conspecifics, contributing to their fitness.
  • Shared use of extended phenotypes provides a mechanism for group selection to operate.
  • Extended phenotypes act as a bridge connecting individual adaptation to group-level evolutionary forces.

Conclusions:

  • The Extended Fitness hypothesis offers a novel perspective on the targets of natural selection.
  • It provides a theoretical basis for studying the evolutionary significance of extended phenotypes.
  • This framework can guide future modeling and experimental research on group selection.