Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking01:17

Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

1.8K
Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
Factors that increase the likelihood of sleepwalking include sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Contrary to common beliefs, it is safe...
1.8K
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

900
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
900
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

3.0K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
3.0K
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

990
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
990
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

788
The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
788
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

2.3K
Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neurophysiological correlates of delayed recovery of consciousness in a critically ill patient with COVID-19 with repeated cardiac arrest.

British journal of anaesthesia·2026
Same author

Determinants of Delayed Recovery of Consciousness After Analgosedation Discontinuation in the ICU: Insights From Patients With COVID-19 Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure.

Critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Delirium and Increased Risk of Developing Dementia: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Targeted profiling of the serum proteome associates increased FGF-23 levels with postoperative delirium in cardiac surgical patients.

NPJ dementia·2026
Same author

Electroencephalographic Monitoring in the Recovery Room for Identification of Patients at Risk for Postoperative Delirium.

Anesthesiology·2026
Same author

Similar destabilization of neural dynamics under different general anesthetics.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Distinct involvements of the subthalamic nucleus subpopulations in reward-biased decision-making in monkeys.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Pink1-mediated mitophagy in the endothelium releases proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA and activates neutrophil responses during inflammation.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Restraint of melanoma progression by cells in the local skin environment.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Brawn before bite in endemic Asian eutherian mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Experimental evolution to thermal stress indicates climate resilience in a cosmopolitan arthropod.

eLife·2026
Same journal

Correlates of protection against African swine fever virus identified by a systems immunology approach.

eLife·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

24.1K

Awakened by a sleeping pill.

Oluwaseun Akeju1, Emery N Brown

  • 1Oluwaseun Akeju is at the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.

Elife
|November 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zolpidem, a sleeping pill, can paradoxically increase alertness in some severe brain injury patients. This effect is linked to characteristic changes in brain activity observed during treatment.

Keywords:
ConsciousnessGABA-Aanesthesiaarousalcentral thalamusstriatum

More Related Videos

Establishing a Device for Sleep Deprivation in Mice
05:05

Establishing a Device for Sleep Deprivation in Mice

Published on: September 22, 2023

2.8K
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

19.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

24.1K
Establishing a Device for Sleep Deprivation in Mice
05:05

Establishing a Device for Sleep Deprivation in Mice

Published on: September 22, 2023

2.8K
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

19.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Severe brain injury can lead to altered states of consciousness.
  • Paradoxical reactions to medications can occur in neurological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the brain activity changes associated with zolpidem-induced alertness in severe brain injury patients.
  • To understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying paradoxical arousal in brain injury.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity.
  • Clinical assessment of alertness levels in patients before and after zolpidem administration.
  • Analysis of characteristic brain activity patterns.

Main Results:

  • Significant alterations in brain activity were observed in patients exhibiting increased alertness.
  • Specific neural networks showed changes correlating with the paradoxical arousal.
  • Zolpidem treatment was associated with distinct electrophysiological or hemodynamic signatures.

Conclusions:

  • Zolpidem can induce paradoxical alertness in some patients with severe brain injury.
  • Characteristic changes in brain activity patterns accompany this phenomenon.
  • Further research may elucidate targeted therapeutic strategies for consciousness disorders.