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Related Concept Videos

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Self-Presentation01:25

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Self-presentation is a fundamental aspect of social interaction, shaping both how others perceive individuals and how they view themselves. This dynamic process influences behaviors in various social settings, often leading people to adjust their appearance, speech, and demeanor to align with their desired identity. While self-presentation can be deliberate or unconscious, it plays a critical role in interpersonal relationships and self-perception.Forms of Self-PresentationSelf-presentation can...
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Self-Serving Bias01:29

Self-Serving Bias

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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Social Loafing01:37

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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The Representativeness Heuristic02:13

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The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
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[Presenteeism].

Marzena Malińska1

  • 1Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy, Páristwowy Instytut Badawczy, Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute Zaklad Ergonomii, Pracownia Fizjologii i Higieny Pracy, Department of Ergonomics, Laboratory of Physiology and Hygiene of Work. mamal@ciop.pl

Medycyna Pracy
|November 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Presenteeism, or working while sick, negatively impacts health, social well-being, and labor productivity. This review explores its causes, links to various illnesses, and economic costs.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Health Economics
  • Social Science

Context:

  • Presenteeism, defined as working while ill, is an emerging occupational health concern.
  • It affects employee health, social dynamics, and labor productivity.
  • Understanding presenteeism is crucial given its significant financial and social burden.

Purpose:

  • To analyze existing literature on presenteeism.
  • To define presenteeism and explore its contributing factors.
  • To examine the relationship between presenteeism, sickness absence, and specific health conditions.

Summary:

  • This review synthesizes research on presenteeism, covering its definition, etiology, and links to conditions like allergies, depression, migraines, arthritis, and gastrointestinal disorders.

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  • It also investigates the connection between presenteeism and the work environment.
  • The economic costs associated with presenteeism are estimated.

    • Impact:

    • Highlights the multifaceted impact of presenteeism on individuals and organizations.
    • Provides a foundation for developing strategies to mitigate presenteeism.
    • Estimates the economic burden, informing policy and workplace interventions.