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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan1, Erik Paulson, Cihan Duran

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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a unique neuroendocrine tumor. This review covers MTC imaging, diagnosis, and targeted therapies, highlighting imaging's role in management.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) presents distinct clinicopathologic and radiologic features compared to other thyroid cancers.
  • Understanding these unique characteristics is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multimodality imaging spectrum of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).
  • To emphasize the role of anatomic and functional imaging in MTC diagnosis and management.
  • To discuss recent advances in molecular cytogenetics and their impact on MTC therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).
  • Analysis of anatomic and functional imaging modalities used for MTC.
  • Review of molecular cytogenetic findings and targeted therapy developments.

Main Results:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) exhibits a unique imaging phenotype.
  • Advances in molecular cytogenetics are refining diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Novel targeted therapies are emerging based on MTC's molecular profile.

Conclusions:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a distinct neuroendocrine tumor requiring specialized imaging approaches.
  • Multimodality imaging is essential for the optimal management of MTC.
  • Molecular insights are paving the way for personalized MTC treatment strategies.