Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Parietal conditioning enhances motor surround inhibition.

Brain stimulation·2019

Same author

Outcome Measures for Functional Neurological Disorder: A Review of the Theoretical Complexities.

The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences·2019

Same author

Evolving concepts on bradykinesia.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2019

Same author

Dual-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex does not affect movement selection.

PloS one·2019

Same author

How Do I Assess Tremor Using Novel Technology?

Movement disorders clinical practice·2019

Same author

Brainstem Functions and Reflexes.

Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society·2019

Same journal

Levodopa responsive childhood-onset generalized dystonia with diaphragmatic involvement associated with an SPTBN2 variant.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same journal

Approach to a case of Neuro-Gonadal disorder: Perrault syndrome.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same journal

Parakinesia in Chorea: Why attribution of intention is misleading.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same journal

Parkinson's disease risk in patients with ocular motor cranial neuropathy: a Korean population-based study.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same journal

Target, dose and spacing in network-guided intermittent theta burst stimulation for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

Same journal

Loneliness and mood symptoms in Parkinson's disease: An item-level network analysis.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

$MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor$

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor

Published on: December 13, 2017

Tremor: pathophysiology.

¹Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

|November 23, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson disease and essential tremor arise from malfunctioning brain networks. Parkinson tremor involves basal ganglia and cerebellar networks, while essential tremor affects the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network.

Keywords:

Ataxia Basal ganglia Beta activity Brain networks Cerebellum Essential tremor Inferior olive Oscillators Parkinson's disease Tremor

More Related Videos

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Published on: May 5, 2018

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 13, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

$MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor$

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor

Published on: December 13, 2017

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Published on: May 5, 2018

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 13, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Movement Disorders
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

Tremor generation mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
Parkinson disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are common movement disorders characterized by tremors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and compare the central oscillator network dysfunctions underlying Parkinson disease rest tremor and essential tremor.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on hypotheses and evidence regarding the neural networks involved in PD tremor and ET.
Analysis of the roles of the basal ganglia, cerebello-thalamo-cortical, and inferior olive-cerebellar networks.

Main Results:

Parkinson tremor involves basal ganglia and cerebello-thalamo-cortical network dysfunction, with basal ganglia potentially triggering onset and cerebellum controlling amplitude.
Essential tremor appears to stem from dysfunction within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network, possibly involving the inferior olive-cerebellar network.
Beta activity in the basal ganglia may trigger Parkinson tremor, while motor control processing delays might underlie essential tremor oscillations.

Conclusions:

Both Parkinson disease and essential tremor originate from malfunctioning central neural oscillators.
Distinct network dysfunctions characterize Parkinson tremor (basal ganglia and cerebellar) and essential tremor (cerebellar and potentially olivary).
Understanding these network dynamics is crucial for developing targeted therapies for tremor disorders.