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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
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Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Behavior Modification01:21

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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
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Neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Joshua P Aronson1, Husam A Katnani, Emad N Eskandar

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|November 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulation offers promising treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by targeting specific brain circuits. This review covers the efficacy of these interventions, from historical ablative procedures to modern techniques.

Keywords:
Deep brain stimulationNeuromodulationObsessive-compulsive disorderTranscranial magnetic stimulationVagus nerve stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health condition.
  • Aberrant neural circuitry in the brain is implicated in OCD pathology.
  • Understanding these circuits is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the scientific basis for neuromodulation in OCD treatment.
  • To review the existing literature on the efficacy of neuromodulation for OCD.
  • To discuss future therapeutic strategies in neuromodulation for OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on neuromodulation for OCD.
  • Analysis of neural circuitry models of OCD.
  • Summary of historical and current neuromodulation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Neuromodulation procedures show efficacy in treating OCD.
  • Various targets and modalities are employed in neuromodulation for OCD.
  • Ablative procedures represent an early approach, with evolving techniques available.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation is a viable therapeutic avenue for OCD.
  • Further research into novel targets and modalities can enhance OCD treatment.
  • Personalized neuromodulation approaches may improve patient outcomes.