Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model01:13

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

427
Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
When a drug is administered through a constant intravenous infusion and eliminated via nonlinear pharmacokinetics, it follows zero-order input. For example, oral drugs undergo first-order absorption upon administration and are eliminated through nonlinear pharmacokinetics.
In the case of subcutaneously administered drugs,...
427
Work and Energy for Variable Forces01:10

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

4.8K
When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared to when a constant force is applied. Work is the product of force and displacement, while energy is the capacity of a system to do work. When a constant force is applied to an object, the work done can be calculated as the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. However, when a variable force is applied, the...
4.8K
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving01:29

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving

438
Mechanistic models play a crucial role in algorithms for numerical problem-solving, particularly in nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NMEM). These models aim to minimize specific objective functions by evaluating various parameter estimates, leading to the development of systematic algorithms. In some cases, linearization techniques approximate the model using linear equations.
In individual population analyses, different algorithms are employed, such as Cauchy's method, which uses a...
438
Linear Differential Equations01:27

Linear Differential Equations

285
The integrating factor method provides a systematic way to solve first-order linear differential equations, especially those that cannot be handled by separation of variables. This method is particularly useful in modeling time-dependent physical systems influenced by both constant inputs and resistive forces. A common example is the motion of a car subjected to a constant engine force while experiencing air resistance proportional to its velocity.In such scenarios, Newton’s second law...
285
Introduction to Functions01:29

Introduction to Functions

581
Functions are essential mathematical tools used to describe consistent relationships between varying quantities. A function connects each input to a single, corresponding output based on a defined rule. These relationships appear in both everyday contexts and natural phenomena, providing a framework for understanding change and prediction.One common real-life example is a parking garage fee system, where the total cost depends on the amount of time a vehicle remains inside. In this case, the...
581
Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

15.7K
Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
15.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fluency as a Cue to Authenticity.

Personality & social psychology bulletin·2026
Same author

The role of comparison processes in maintenance goals: Evidence from the health and relationship domains.

Applied psychology. Health and well-being·2026
Same author

Social judgments at the intersection of class and gender across cultures.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Training self-regulation to promote healthy eating: Evidence from a longitudinal intervention study.

Appetite·2025
Same author

Rethinking behaviour change interventions in policymaking.

Nature human behaviour·2025
Same author

Emotional Dynamics of Social Comparisons: Nonlinear Relationships Between Comparison Extremity and Social Emotions, and Their Motivational Functioning.

Personality & social psychology bulletin·2025
Same journal

Are language models models?

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Large language models illuminate the mechanistic underpinnings of the creative aspect of language use (CALU), long regarded as a mystery.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

LLMs as a platform for studying constraint interaction: Motivation and challenges.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Beyond the data gap: Children create languages, violate their input statistics, and exhibit critical periods.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Not-so-strange love: Language models and generative linguistic theories are more compatible than they appear.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Rich data drive generalization: Lessons from machine learning for linguistics and cognitive science.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

26.8K

On treating effort as a dynamically varying cost input.

Wilhelm Hofmann1, Hiroki Kotabe

  • 1Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. wilhelm.hofmann@chicagobooth.edu http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/wilhelm.hofmann/ hkotabe@chicagobooth.edu http://home.uchicago.edu/~hkotabe/

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|December 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effort can be viewed as a cost influencing decision-making utility, not just an outcome. This cost

More Related Videos

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

15.1K
Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise
11:15

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Published on: March 20, 2012

44.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

26.8K
Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

15.1K
Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise
11:15

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Published on: March 20, 2012

44.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Decision-Making Theory

Background:

  • The Kurzban et al. framework offers a model for understanding decision-making.
  • Existing models often treat effort as a consequence of utility comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an extension of Kurzban et al.'s framework.
  • To conceptualize effort as a direct cost input in utility computation.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical extension of an existing decision-making framework.
  • Conceptual analysis of effort's role in utility calculation.

Main Results:

  • Effort can be integrated as a cost influencing the utility of options.
  • The perceived cost of effort is not static and can change.

Conclusions:

  • Treating effort as a cost input offers a more nuanced understanding of decision-making.
  • Situational and dispositional factors dynamically modulate the weight assigned to effort costs.