Fluorometric measurement and modeling of droplet temperature changes in an electrospray plume

The evolution of droplet temperatures in an electrospray plume was measured via ratiometric fluorescence. Under typical operating conditions, droplet temperatures decrease ∼30 K over the first 5.0 mm along the spray axis, followed by a slight (∼2-3 K) rewarming. Experimental axial profiles (Z-axis) were fit by use of diffusion-controlled and surface-controlled evaporation models. Both models fit the experimental data well for the cooling portion of the spray (Pearson correlation coefficient R ≥ 0.994), but the surface-controlled model required unrealistic droplet radius values to obtain a good fit. In lateral profiles at a given Z near the emitter tip, temperatures are lower (by 3.0-10 K) in the periphery than on the spray axis. This behavior is consistent with the expected enrichment of the spray periphery with smaller droplets. At longer axial distances, lateral profiles were relatively flat. Droplet temperature as a function of axial displacement fell more rapidly at lower liquid flow rates, possibly attributable to changes in droplet size and/or velocity with flow rate.