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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Published on: October 5, 2020

Task-specific performance effects with different numeric keypad layouts.

Jenny T Armand¹, Thomas S Redick², Joan R Poulsen¹

¹Indiana University Purdue University Columbus, United States.

Applied Ergonomics

|December 10, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that while users remember telephone keypads better, they are more accurate and faster entering numbers using calculator keypads. This impacts computer and cell phone design.

Keywords:

Interference Numeric keypads Task-specific performance

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Cognitive Psychology
Usability Engineering

Background:

Two prevalent numeric keypad layouts exist: telephone and calculator.
Understanding user performance differences is crucial for optimizing input device design.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the speed and accuracy of entering numeric information using telephone versus calculator keypad layouts on computer keyboards.
To investigate the influence of stimulus format (numerical vs. phone) on keypad performance.

Main Methods:

Fifty-seven participants typed 10-digit stimuli presented in numerical or phone formats.
Performance was measured by response time and accuracy for both telephone and calculator keypad layouts.
Keypad layout memory was also assessed.

Main Results:

Participants demonstrated superior memory for the telephone keypad layout.
Higher accuracy was observed when using the calculator keypad layout for data entry.
An interaction effect revealed that numeric stimuli entry was slower on the telephone layout.
The middle row of keys yielded faster and more accurate responses.

Conclusions:

Calculator keypad layout offers better accuracy for numeric data entry despite less intuitive layout recall.
Telephone keypad layout may impede performance for standard numeric input.
Findings suggest optimizing keypad design for specific data entry tasks, considering both layout familiarity and input efficiency.