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Updated: May 5, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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Published on: August 12, 2013

Generating a three-dimensional dark focus from a single conically refracted light beam.

Yu V Loiko, A Turpin, T K Kalkandjiev

|December 11, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a 3D dark focus using conical refraction in a biaxial crystal. This optical phenomenon generates a unique ring intensity pattern, forming a bottle beam with null intensity at its center.

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

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Published on: January 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Crystallography

Background:

Biaxial crystals exhibit unique optical properties when light propagates along their optic axes.
Conical refraction is a phenomenon occurring in biaxial crystals, leading to complex light patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

To generate a three-dimensional (3D) dark focus from a monochromatic Gaussian beam.
To investigate the formation of a ring intensity pattern and a 3D dark focus in biaxial crystals.
To experimentally validate theoretical predictions using a KGd(WO(4))(2) crystal.

Main Methods:

Propagating a single focused monochromatic Gaussian beam along an optic axis of a biaxial crystal.
Analyzing the conical refraction phenomenon and the resulting ring intensity pattern.
Deriving parameter values for achieving a 3D dark focus with zero central intensity.

Main Results:

Successful generation of a 3D dark focus.
Observation of a ring intensity pattern dependent on the ratio of ring radius to beam waist.
Experimental confirmation of a bottle beam using a KGd(WO(4))(2) crystal, matching theoretical models.

Conclusions:

A 3D dark focus can be generated via conical refraction in biaxial crystals.
Specific parameter tuning enables the formation of a dark focus with a null intensity center.
Experimental results align with theoretical predictions, demonstrating the feasibility of creating bottle beams.