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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR01:59

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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas
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Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas

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Exploiting CRISPR/Cas systems for biotechnology.

Timothy R Sampson1, David S Weiss

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|December 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Cas9 enzyme, a key part of CRISPR-Cas systems, is a powerful tool for genome editing and gene regulation in various organisms. Its potential to target RNA also opens new avenues for biotechnology.

Keywords:
CRISPRCas9RNAibiotechnologygenome editing

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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic adaptive immune mechanisms.
  • Cas9 endonuclease is central to Type II CRISPR-Cas systems, targeting foreign nucleic acids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review the development and applications of Cas9 as a biotechnological tool.
  • Explore Cas9's utility in genome engineering, transcriptional regulation, and potential RNA targeting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Cas9's applications in genome editing.
  • Analysis of Cas9's role in transcriptional repression and activation.
  • Examination of Cas9's potential for RNA targeting.

Main Results:

  • Cas9 has been successfully engineered for targeted DNA manipulation in diverse species.
  • Cas9 facilitates site-specific transcriptional repression and activation.
  • Evidence suggests Cas9 can be programmed to target RNA substrates.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems, particularly Cas9, are versatile tools for genome engineering.
  • Cas9's adaptability extends to gene regulation and potentially RNA targeting.
  • These systems promise significant advancements in biotechnology and genetic research.