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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Fully dynamical simulation of central nuclear collisions.

Wilke van der Schee1, Paul Romatschke2, Scott Pratt3

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
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Summary

We simulated all collision phases for nuclear collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), incorporating preequilibrium, plasma, and hadronic stages. Our model accurately reproduces light particle spectra observed by the ALICE experiment.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy nuclear physics
  • Quantum chromodynamics
  • Relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Background:

  • Previous simulations often simplified or omitted the preequilibrium stage.
  • Understanding the full dynamical evolution is crucial for interpreting experimental data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive, fully dynamical simulation of nuclear collisions.
  • To incorporate all collision phases, from preequilibrium to hadronic matter.
  • To provide initial conditions for hydrodynamics from a preequilibrium model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing numerical relativity solutions from anti-de Sitter space/conformal field theory for the preequilibrium stage.
  • Employing viscous hydrodynamics to model the quark-gluon plasma equilibrium stage.
  • Applying kinetic theory for the low-density hadronic stage.

Main Results:

  • The preequilibrium stage generates initial conditions that lead to significant radial flow.
  • The simulation successfully reproduces light particle spectra measured by the ALICE experiment.
  • The model demonstrates accuracy across all measured transverse momenta.

Conclusions:

  • A fully dynamical simulation encompassing all collision stages is feasible and necessary.
  • The interplay between preequilibrium, hydrodynamics, and kinetic theory is essential for accurate predictions.
  • The simulation's success validates the theoretical framework and its application to LHC data.