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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

3.7K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
3.7K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.9K
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

229
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
229
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

132
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
132
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Updated: May 4, 2026

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Liquid phase stability under an extreme temperature gradient.

Zhi Liang1, Kiran Sasikumar2, Pawel Keblinski3

  • 1Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-temperature gradients can stabilize liquid phases above their normal boiling points. This phenomenon, driven by thermodynamics and surface tension, challenges conventional phase change understanding.

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Last Updated: May 4, 2026

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Conventional understanding of liquid-vapor phase transitions is based on equilibrium conditions.
  • High-temperature gradients can alter phase behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of liquid phases under extreme temperature gradients.
  • To analyze the thermodynamic driving forces and interfacial effects governing phase transitions at elevated temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were employed.
  • Bulk liquid was subjected to a high-temperature gradient.
  • Thermodynamic analysis was performed assuming local thermal equilibrium.

Main Results:

  • A stable liquid phase was observed at temperatures exceeding the bulk boiling point.
  • Vapor condensation into liquid occurred above the saturation temperature.
  • The boiling point elevation was attributed to the balance between bulk phase change forces and surface tension.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid phases can remain stable beyond their normal boiling points under specific conditions.
  • Surface tension plays a crucial role in suppressing phase transitions in high-temperature gradients.
  • The findings offer insights into non-equilibrium thermodynamics and phase behavior in confined systems.