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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
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Elevated Strain and Structural Disarray Occur at the Right Ventricular Apex.

V Hariharan1, J Provost1, S Shah1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 500 W 120th Street, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027, USA.

Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology
|January 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The right ventricular apex (RVA) shows unique mechanical strains and structural changes. These alterations in the RVA may explain its vulnerability to cardiac rhythm problems.

Keywords:
Cardiac structureCardiomyopathyElastographyStructure/functionUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Cardiac Electrophysiology
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • The right ventricular apex (RVA) is implicated in cardiac rhythm anomalies like arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and Brugada's syndrome.
  • The RVA's role as a pacing region is not fully understood, and structural underpinnings of its conduction properties are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize mechanical strains and structural attributes of the right ventricular wall.
  • To test the hypothesis that the RVA experiences heterogeneous strain and altered fiber organization, leading to conduction alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) was used to quantify cardiac mechanical strains.
  • Histological and immunofluorescence imaging examined cardiac wall structure and junctional protein arrangement.

Main Results:

  • Right ventricular mechanical strains were higher and sustained longer during systole compared to the left ventricle and septum.
  • The RVA exhibited heterogeneous strain distributions, myocardial fiber disarray, and altered junctional protein localization.
  • These findings suggest reduced structural integrity and increased mechanical stress at the RVA.

Conclusions:

  • The RVA displays distinct mechanical and structural properties that predispose it to conduction abnormalities.
  • Altered strain distributions and fiber disarray at the RVA contribute to its vulnerability in cardiac rhythm disorders.