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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Updated: May 3, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

William H Kutteh1, Candace D Hinote2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Fertility Associates of Memphis, PLLC, 80 Humphreys Center, Suite 307, Memphis, TN 38120, USA.

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Obstetric antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) causes recurrent pregnancy loss. This review covers diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of obstetric APS during and after pregnancy.

Keywords:
Antiphospholipid antibodiesAntiphospholipid syndromeComplications of pregnancyFetal demiseRecurrent pregnancy lossUnfractionated heparin

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are acquired autoantibodies targeting negatively charged phospholipids.
  • Obstetric antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a significant cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.
  • Obstetric APS differs from other forms of APS, where thrombosis is the primary manifestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges of obstetric APS.
  • To explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms of APS in pregnancy.
  • To outline the management strategies for pregnant women with APS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on obstetric APS.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and laboratory findings.
  • Synthesis of proposed pathophysiologic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Obstetric APS is a leading cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.
  • Multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms contribute to APS in pregnancy.
  • Effective management is crucial for successful pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiology are key for managing obstetric APS.
  • Comprehensive management strategies are vital for women with APS during and after pregnancy.
  • Further research into aPLs' role in pregnancy complications is warranted.