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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Acute diarrhea.

Wendy Barr1, Andrew Smith1

  • 1Lawrence Family Medicine Residency, Lawrence, MA, USA.

American Family Physician
|February 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute diarrhea in adults is often viral and self-limiting. Focus on hydration and early refeeding; reserve diagnostic tests for severe cases. Antibiotics are useful for specific bacterial or protozoal infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Family Medicine

Background:

  • Acute diarrhea is a prevalent condition in adults, frequently managed by family physicians.
  • Viral gastroenteritis is the most common cause, typically resolving without intervention.
  • Increased travel, comorbidities, and foodborne illnesses contribute to a rise in bacterial diarrhea cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and treatment strategies for acute diarrhea in adults.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical evaluation in guiding investigations and management.
  • To highlight evidence-based treatments and preventive measures for acute diarrhea.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical history and physical examination to assess dehydration and identify risk factors.
  • Selective laboratory workup based on clinical presentation (e.g., severe dehydration, bloody stools).
  • Review of treatment options including oral rehydration, antimotility agents, probiotics, and antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • Most acute diarrhea cases do not require extensive laboratory testing.
  • Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding are primary treatments for dehydration.
  • Antibiotics are effective for specific etiologies like shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, C. difficile, traveler's diarrhea, and protozoal infections.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical assessment is key to managing acute diarrhea, differentiating viral from bacterial causes.
  • Dehydration management is paramount; diagnostic investigations should be reserved for specific indications.
  • Prevention through hygiene, safe food practices, clean water, and vaccinations is crucial.