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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

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Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance...
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Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

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Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
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Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

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Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through...
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Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles01:21

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles

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The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep...
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Neuromotor Control and Recovery of Diaphragm Function Following Cervical Spinal Hemisection in Rats
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Author Spotlight: Neuromotor Control and Recovery of Diaphragm Function Following Cervical Spinal Hemisection in Rats

Published on: June 14, 2024

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[Diaphragmatic palsy and dysfunction: from physiology to surgery].

F Le Pimpec-Barthes1, C Pricopi1, P Mordant1

  • 1Service de chirurgie thoracique oncologique et générale, transplantation pulmonaire, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, université Paris-Descartes, 20, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France.

Revue De Pneumologie Clinique
|February 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Surgical interventions for diaphragm dysfunction, including diaphragm plication and phrenic pacing, offer significant functional improvements for patients with peripheral and central etiologies, respectively. Rigorous patient selection is crucial for successful outcomes and improved quality of life.

Keywords:
Diaphragm eventrationDiaphragm pacingDiaphragm paralysisDiaphragm plicationParalysie diaphragmatiquePhrenic pacingPlicature diaphragmatiqueSpinal cord injuryStimulation diaphragmatiqueStimulation phrénique implantéeTétraplégieÉventration diaphragmatique

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Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation
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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Neuromotor Control and Recovery of Diaphragm Function Following Cervical Spinal Hemisection in Rats
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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic surgery
  • Respiratory medicine
  • Neuromuscular disorders

Context:

  • Diaphragm dysfunction presents diverse clinical scenarios based on etiology and laterality.
  • Peripheral diaphragm dysfunction, often unilateral, may necessitate surgery if functionally significant.
  • Central diaphragm paralysis can lead to long-term mechanical ventilation dependence.

Purpose:

  • To review current surgical and interventional strategies for diaphragm dysfunction.
  • To highlight patient selection criteria for diaphragm plication and phrenic pacing.
  • To discuss the outcomes and impact of these interventions on patient quality of life.

Summary:

  • Diaphragm plication is effective for symptomatic eventration, with low morbidity and excellent long-term results.
  • Phrenic pacing can successfully wean selected patients with central diaphragm paralysis from mechanical ventilation.
  • Rigorous preoperative neuromuscular assessment is essential for optimizing surgical and pacing interventions.

Impact:

  • Surgical and pacing interventions significantly improve respiratory function and quality of life in diaphragm dysfunction patients.
  • Diaphragm plication offers a reliable solution for symptomatic eventration.
  • Phrenic pacing provides a viable alternative to permanent mechanical ventilation for specific patient groups.