Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates

Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates

Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
Consider a cross-section of a thin, infinite conducting plate having a positive charge. For such a large thin plate, as the thickness of the plate tends to zero, the positive charges lie on the plate's two large faces. Without an external electric field, the...

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The net electric field inside a conductor vanishes, and extra charges on the conductor reside on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate.
In the 19th century, Michael Faraday conducted the famous ice pail experiment to prove that the charges always reside on the surface of a conductor. The experimental set-up consists of a conducting uncharged container mounted on an insulating stand. The outer surface of the container is...

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

Electric Field Inside a Conductor

Electric Field Inside a Conductor

When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges in the conductor redistribute and very quickly reach electrostatic equilibrium. The resulting charge distribution and its electric field have many interesting properties, which can be investigated with the help of Gauss's law.
Suppose a piece of metal is placed near a positive charge. The free electrons in the metal are attracted to the external positive charge and migrate freely toward that region. This region then...

Equipotential Surfaces and Conductors

Equipotential Surfaces and Conductors

For a conductor in which all charges are at rest, the conductor's surface is equipotential. The electric field is always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces. Therefore, in a conductor with static charges, the electric field just outside the conductor is always perpendicular to the conductor's surface. Any tangential component of the electric field will cause charges to move inside the conductor, which will violate the electrostatic nature of the system. In an electrostatic...

Electrical Conductivity

Electrical Conductivity

In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
In a practical conductor, an applied electric field may be sustained, causing a flow of electrons, which produce a current. The differential form of the current, the current density, is related to the electric field.
More generally, it is related to the force per unit charge, which involves the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Electronic Layer Decoupling Driven by Density-Wave Order in La_{4}Ni_{3}O_{10}.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Interlayer Exciton Condensates between Second Landau Level Orbitals in Double Bilayer Graphene.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Modulation of Superconductivity across a Lifshitz Transition in Alternating-Angle Twisted Quadrilayer Graphene.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

The path to room-temperature superconductivity: A programmatic approach.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

CMS Proposed Restrictions on Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Procedures for Chronic Pain: Clinical, Ethical, and Policy Implications for Millions of Americans.

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)·2026

Same author

Real-World Spinal Cord Stimulation Utilization and Implant Status: An Analysis of a Novel, Real-Time, Remote Monitoring Database.

Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Plasmonics with two-dimensional conductors.

Hosang Yoon¹, Kitty Y M Yeung, Philip Kim

¹School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, , Cambridge, MA, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

|February 26, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional plasmonic waves in conductors like graphene offer superior subwavelength confinement compared to traditional metals. This review explores their unique behaviors and potential for advanced integrated electronics.

Keywords:

GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure graphene metamaterials plasmonics terahertz two-dimensional electron gas

More Related Videos

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Published on: December 11, 2013

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Published on: December 11, 2013

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Area of Science:

Photonics
Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Surface plasmonic waves in 3D bulk metals are extensively studied for subwavelength confinement.
Plasmonic waves in 2D conductors (e.g., semiconductor heterojunctions, graphene) operate at lower frequencies (gigahertz to terahertz, infrared).
These 2D plasmons exhibit significantly stronger subwavelength confinement than their 3D counterparts.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the unique behaviors of two-dimensional (2D) plasmonic waves.
To discuss engineering strategies for 2D plasmonic waves.
To explore applications in ultra-subwavelength plasmonic circuits and metamaterials for integrated electronics.

Main Methods:

Review of theoretical frameworks governing 2D plasmonic wave behavior.
Analysis of experimental studies on plasmonic waves in graphene and semiconductor heterojunctions.
Discussion of design principles for metamaterials utilizing 2D plasmons.

Main Results:

2D plasmonic waves demonstrate unique confinement properties distinct from 3D surface plasmons.
Engineering of 2D plasmons enables control over wave propagation and interaction.
Potential for creating novel optical and electronic devices with unprecedented miniaturization.

Conclusions:

Two-dimensional plasmonic waves are a promising platform for next-generation integrated electronics.
Their strong subwavelength confinement at lower frequencies opens new avenues for device design.
Further research into engineering these waves can lead to breakthroughs in infrared and THz technologies.