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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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[Odor sensing system and olfactory display].

Takamichi Nakamoto1

  • 1Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review introduces advanced odor sensing systems and olfactory displays for pharmacy applications. These technologies, including a halitosis sensor and wearable scent devices, show potential for improving healthcare outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Odor sensing technology
  • Olfactory display systems
  • Biomedical engineering

Context:

  • Pharmacy settings present unique challenges for odor monitoring and sensory experiences.
  • Existing odor sensing systems lack sensitivity and specificity for complex volatile compounds.
  • Current olfactory displays are often bulky and suffer from smell persistence.

Purpose:

  • To review and introduce novel odor sensing systems and olfactory displays for pharmacy and healthcare.
  • To detail the components and functionalities of advanced odor sensing and olfactory display technologies.
  • To explore the potential applications of these systems in healthcare and interactive art.

Summary:

  • An odor sensing system utilizes sensor arrays and pattern recognition for accurate quantification, exemplified by a halitosis sensor using preconcentrators and electrochemical sensors with Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis.
  • Two types of multi-component olfactory displays are described: one using solenoid valves for controlled scent release and another employing miniaturized pumps and SAW atomizers for wearable, non-persistent scent delivery.
  • Applications include a virtual ice cream shop, demonstrating multi-sensory engagement and highlighting the potential of these technologies in interactive art and human health.

Impact:

  • Odor sensing systems can provide objective, quantitative measurements for diagnosing and monitoring health conditions like halitosis.
  • Olfactory displays offer immersive sensory experiences, enhancing virtual environments and potentially aiding in therapeutic applications.
  • The integration of odor sensing and olfactory displays holds significant promise for advancing human healthcare and creating novel interactive experiences.