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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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[Severe hypercalcemia secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism].

Luca Foppiani, Giancarlo Antonucci, Maria Concetta Scirocco

    Recenti Progressi in Medicina
    |March 15, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Primary hyperparathyroidism, a common endocrine disorder, can present with dangerously high calcium levels. This case highlights successful surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma, followed by management of post-operative hypocalcemia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder often diagnosed incidentally.
    • Calcium level dysregulation in this condition ranges from normal to life-threatening extremes.

    Observation:

    • A female patient presented with non-specific symptoms attributed to severe hypercalcemia.
    • The hypercalcemia was caused by a large parathyroid tumor.

    Findings:

    • Initial medical management (hydration, diuretics, steroids, bisphosphonate) reduced calcium levels.
    • Surgical excision of the parathyroid mass confirmed an adenoma and normalized calcium.
    • Post-operative symptomatic hypocalcemia occurred, requiring calcium and vitamin D therapy.

    Implications:

    • Parathyroid adenomas require prompt diagnosis and management.
    • Surgical intervention is crucial for normalizing calcium levels in severe cases.
    • Monitoring and managing post-operative hypocalcemia is essential for patient recovery.