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Updated: May 2, 2026

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Irrigation in endodontics.

M Haapasalo1, Y Shen1, Z Wang2

  • 1Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, UBC Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3.

British Dental Journal
|March 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Effective root canal irrigation is vital for treatment success, utilizing solutions like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for cleaning and disinfection. Delivery methods vary, with special attention to the challenging apical region.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Endodontics
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Root canal irrigation is essential for effective endodontic treatment.
  • Irrigation serves multiple functions including friction reduction, tissue dissolution, and antimicrobial action.
  • It is the sole method to clean areas inaccessible to mechanical instrumentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of irrigation in root canal therapy.
  • To discuss the functions and properties of key irrigants.
  • To address challenges in irrigating the apical root canal system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of irrigating solutions, focusing on sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
  • Discussion of irrigant functions: friction reduction, tissue dissolution, antimicrobial effects, and smear layer removal.
  • Examination of various irrigation delivery systems, from traditional syringes to advanced sonic and ultrasonic devices.

Main Results:

  • Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is effective for dissolving organic matter and has antimicrobial properties, with higher concentrations showing greater efficacy.
  • Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is crucial for removing the smear layer.
  • Specialized delivery systems are employed to enhance irrigation effectiveness, particularly in the apical region.

Conclusions:

  • Proper irrigation protocols are fundamental for successful root canal treatment outcomes.
  • A combination of irrigants, such as NaOCl and EDTA, is necessary for comprehensive cleaning and disinfection.
  • Optimizing irrigation delivery is key to overcoming challenges in complex root canal anatomy.