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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Ketamine: an update on its abuse.

Gyula Bokor1, Peter D Anderson2

  • 1Taunton State Hospital, Taunton, MA, USA.

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Ketamine abuse can harm brain functions like memory and perception, leading to psychological addiction. Chronic use also damages the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, potentially causing conditions like cystitis and renal failure.

Keywords:
drug informationnephrologypsychopharmacologysubstance abusetoxicology

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with a known potential for abuse.
  • Abuse of ketamine can lead to a range of adverse health effects.
  • While acute toxicity is rare, chronic abuse presents significant health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the known effects of ketamine abuse on human health.
  • To highlight the neurological and physiological consequences of ketamine misuse.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ketamine abuse effects.
  • Analysis of reported cases and studies on ketamine toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine abuse alters brain functions including perception, memory, attention, cognition, and sense of time.
  • Psychological addiction is a common outcome of ketamine abuse.
  • Chronic abuse leads to gastrointestinal issues (epigastric pain, hepatic dysfunction, gallbladder dysfunction) and urinary tract toxicity, most commonly cystitis, with reported cases of renal failure.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine abuse has widespread detrimental effects on cognitive function and psychological well-being.
  • Chronic ketamine use poses serious risks to the gastrointestinal and urinary systems, necessitating medical attention and preventative strategies.