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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Gyula Bokor1, Peter D Anderson

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|March 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex brain disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Effective treatments include psychotherapy, particularly exposure and response prevention, and pharmacotherapy, often requiring higher doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Keywords:
exposure and response preventionobsessive–compulsive disorderpsychiatrypsychopharmacologyserotonin reuptake inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition featuring obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
  • OCD's heterogeneity spans obsession themes, rituals, tics, genetics, and treatment responses, leading to significant complications like social difficulties and substance abuse.
  • Pathophysiology involves brain regions including the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and basal ganglia, potentially due to cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • To detail the neurobiological underpinnings, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for OCD.
  • To highlight the complexities in managing OCD, including treatment-resistant cases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of OCD pathophysiology, genetics, and clinical presentation.
  • Analysis of neurotransmitter systems (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate) implicated in OCD.
  • Examination of current and emerging treatment strategies, including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.

Main Results:

  • OCD involves dysfunction in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits, with implicated neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate.
  • Various medications can precipitate or worsen OCD symptoms.
  • Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the most effective psychotherapy, while selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line pharmacotherapy, often needing higher doses and longer trials.

Conclusions:

  • OCD is a multifaceted disorder with diverse etiologies and presentations.
  • Comprehensive treatment approaches combining psychotherapy (ERP) and pharmacotherapy (SSRIs, potentially augmented) are crucial for managing OCD.
  • Further research into neurobiology and novel treatments is essential for addressing resistant OCD cases.