Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

$Interference and Diffraction$ 02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Interferometric grazing incidence test of rough steep convex spherical and aspherical surfaces: first simulations and experimental proof of principle.

Applied optics·2019

Same author

Design of computer-generated beam-shaping holograms by iterative finite-element mesh adaption.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Design and fabrication of computer-generated beam-shaping holograms.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Holographic perfect shuffle permutation element for a miniaturized switching network.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Binary blazed reflection gratings.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Possibilities and limitations of space-variant holographic optical elements for switching networks and general interconnects.

Applied optics·2010

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Sharp and rectified imaging of plane test objects in diffractive grazing incidence interferometers.

|March 26, 2014

Summary

Testing fine-ground surfaces at grazing incidence causes distortion. This study presents a diffractive solution to correct anamorphic distortion, enabling sharp imaging of the entire sample length for precise surface analysis.

More Related Videos

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Optical Engineering
Metrology
Surface Science

Background:

Interferometric testing of fine-ground plane surfaces is crucial for quality control.
Grazing incidence angles (near 90°) are required for micrometer-range roughness testing.
High incidence angles introduce significant anamorphic distortion in imaging detectors.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the challenge of anamorphic distortion in grazing incidence interferometry.
To develop a diffractive optical solution for precise surface testing.
To achieve sharp imaging of the entire sample length without distortion.

Main Methods:

Utilizing diffractive optical elements for grazing incidence testing.
Implementing a diffractive grazing incidence solution.
Developing methods for anamorphic distortion rectification.
Matching illuminating and imaging beam cross-sections to sample dimensions.

Main Results:

Successfully rectified anamorphic distortion in grazing incidence testing.
Achieved sharp imaging of the whole length of the test sample.
Demonstrated effective matching of beam cross-sections to sample lateral extension.

Conclusions:

A diffractive grazing incidence approach effectively corrects anamorphic distortion.
This method enables accurate interferometric testing of fine-ground surfaces.
The solution enhances precision in surface metrology for micrometer-range roughness.