Salmonella, complement and mouse macrophages

The structure of the polysaccharide chains that constitute the O antigen on the surface of Salmonella bacteria determines the rate of complement activation and C3b deposition on the bacteria. A fast-activating O antigen causes rapid C3-dependent opsonization of the bacteria injected intraperitoneally; as a consequence, the bacteria are taken up and killed by the resident peritoneal macrophages, and their virulence is low. A slow-activating O antigen protects the bacteria from opsonization in the peritoneal cavity, and is associated with higher virulence. However, if injected intravenously bacteria with either O-antigenic type are equally virulent; in the high complement concentration of the blood they become opsonized and taken up by macrophages in the liver and spleen, which are unable to kill them but instead provide a protected site for multiplication.